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The most recent confirmed reports of grizzly bears in Mexico come from the Sierra del Nido Mountains (central Chihuahua), where 3 grizzly bears were killed in 1955 and 1 in 1957 (Leopold 1965). He is gone, and it is up to me, for I did not want to go (pass on) and leave the most eventful day ever spent in the Davis Mountains unwritten.. Your email address will not be published. Primary source details on the photograph from author A.S. Leopold, 1959. There were once two other subspecies in North America alone, yet sadly, the California Grizzly became extinct They were officially declared extinct in 1964. The Mexican grizzly bear was trapped, shot, and poisoned, and had already become scarce in the 1930s. Unfortunately, theres only been that single sighting. I was looking on Ebay and found 2 different books. Several likely areas for grizzly bears in Mexico have not been studied. Today the Mexican grizzly is definitely extinct. Field biologists traveled from one location to the next, collecting everything from pocket mice to skunks. 5. Brown bears live throughout Alaska and are the only bear species found in Sitka. Are there any grizzly bears left in Mexico? The ivory-billed woodpecker could still be flying today. [2] The extinct California grizzly bear extended slightly south into Baja California. Thats right: He tells of mastodons thousands of years after they allegedly went the way of the dodo. The last official citing of the animal occurred in 1976. Due to an increase in the cost of Ammo do not expect a warning shot! However, reported sightings are fairly common, as far as extinct animals go. Due to the cattlemans efforts, the Mexican grizzly was probably extinct by 1964. C. Hart Merriam, the father of modern mammalogy, believed the skull represented a unique subspecies. La Mesa, CA 91942. Last year, a grizzly bear seriously injured a father and son who were . Except for a rare circumstance in eastern B.C.'s Yoho National Park, where a mountain goat . In 1976, a rancher in Sonora shot a Mexican grizzly in a place aptly named: Arroyo el Oso, or in English, Bear Stream located about 50 miles south of the US-Mexico border outside the town of muris. Professional bear hunters, or sportsmen, took a heavy toll men like New Mexico's Ben Lilly and Montague Stevens. A grizzly bear dragged a bicyclist out of her tent in the middle of the night and killed her in a small Montana town early Tuesday, authorities say, before the animal escaped into the wilderness . They were officially declared extinct in 1964. What causes paradoxical chest wall movement? A number of scientists doubt the veracity of the Cornell report. Seven years after the passenger pigeon officially became extinct in the wild, a few were reportedly spotted by a fairly reputable person: US President Theodore Roosevelt. The probability index is is better than 50%. It is named after its brown-gray coat. (Click to view larger image). The Mexican grizzly bear ranged from mexico to as far north as Colorado. Adult males stand about 30 inches tall at the shoulder but despite the eastern cougar its passed on. The last grizzly bear killed in Colorado was in 1979 in the San Juan Mtns in southern Colorado by a bowhunter hunting elk. until someone saw them a year later. The burden proved too great for the horse, and the load was eventually transferred to a buckboard pulled by a pair of mules for the last part of the trek. This island has the largest density of brown bears in North America! One can only imagine how difficult it must have been for the ancients to trap a grizzly and transport it over hundreds of miles without wheeled vehicles and without a way to sedate the bear. Declared extinct in 2012, it tookyou guessed ita year for one to be sighted again. 7840 El Cajon Blvd. Historians believe the last grizzly bear in New Mexico was killed in the Gila in April 1931. It was widely believed that the last was killed in Mexico in 1960. I have been hearing this for years and years from people. A hallmark of the meeting was and still is unity among the represented denominations: Presbyterian, Disciples of Christ, Methodist and Baptist. My 25-year-old copy of Stackpoles Guide to Animal Tracks does, too, but finding someone alive whos seen a wild grizzly bear in Texas is impossible. They both tracked and slew grizzlies throughout the Black Range and Mogollon . [5] This bear was also described to have been of a dark color and only rarely with a reddish coat. The bears were hunted and killed for sport but also captured and used in bear and bull fights. The ranchers and hacendados claimed that the Mexican grizzlies were killing their livestock, and sometimes whole villages would go on hunts to track down and kill renegade bears. The picture Ive got even though its a bit fuzzy because it was taken on my mobile, it actually shows the features of the animal quite well he said. Grizzly bears potentially occur in two other areas: The bears in durango, chihuahua, sonora and central mexico were likely more related to the bears of . Grizzly bear habitat is adequate and abundant in Mexico.. A Montana man who was mauled by a grizzly bear last week has died after suffering a "massive stroke" in hospital. The study also established that remote Mexico was a suitable habitat for grizzly bears. One rancher had a .351 Winchester semi auto and the other had a Winchester 94 30-30. Generally Kodiak bears have a larger bone structure, and therefore larger frames than grizzly bears, though both species can reach very large sizes. He killed grizzly, black bears, cougars and mexican gray wolves. Size comparison of Short-faced bear, Brown bear and Californian grizzly Historians believe the last grizzly bear in New Mexico was killed in the Gila in April 1931. By 1969, probably sooner, the subspecies was extinct. The most recent confirmed reports of grizzly bears in Mexico come from the Sierra del Nido Mountains (central Chihuahua), where 3 grizzly bears were killed in 1955 and 1 in 1957 (Leopold 1965). The baiji were declared extinct in 2006. Reasons for extinction: As the human population of California increased conflicts between bears and humans escalated with the bears killing livestock and attacking settlers. One theory is that the animals seen and heard howling are actually a wolf-dog hybrid. it seemed to be at least as big as the first.. There have been only eight people killed by grizzly bears in the history of Yellowstone National Park that now draws 4 million visitors a year By contrast 21 park visitors . When they went to the location of their sighting they found no paw prints, claw marks or any tangible evidence of what they saw, but this visual evidence proved to them that the bears still existed. Since this second declaration of extinction there have been many alleged sightings or rumors of sightings of these animals in the remote mountains of Sonora and Chihuahua. The result was a reunion of sorts that was part revival and part square dance, with plenty of good eating and fellowship. In 2014, wildlife managers in Mexico captured a bear in the Sierra Madre Occidental, Mexicos western mountain range, that didnt quite seem to belongit was much darker than the ones usually found there. The belly was sparsely haired, lacking the thick underfur of the back and the flanks. My 25-year-old copy of Stackpole's Guide to Animal Tracks does, too, but finding someone alive who's seen a wild grizzly bear in Texas is impossible. Its diet was comprised mostly of fruits and insects, and the bear had a particular fondness for ants. Worship services are held three times a day in a permanent building on the grounds, with a variety of preachers. Two years later the last wild California grizzly was spotted several times in the Sequoia NP and then never seen again. I thought that story sounded a little wild when I read it. . The Mexican Grizzly Bear, also known as the Silver Grizzly (Spanish: oso plateado, Opata: pissini ), was a subspecies of Brown Bear declared extinct in 1964. Nowadays, someone occasionally sees a bird that looks a lot like a passenger pigeon. Chiso Mountains in Texas, USA (including within the Big Bend National Park). With Werner Herzog, Carol Dexter, Val Dexter, Sam Egli. The skull remained there for several months and was eventually returned after being assigned the scientific name Ursus horraeus texensis. The Mexican grizzly bear ranged from mexico to as far north as Colorado. Thats not exactly solid evidence, but given the vast wilderness of Siberia, it isnt out of the question. They were officially declared extinct in 1964. 1. With a height of 245 cm and a weight of 1.000 kg the California grizzly is one of the largest and most powerful North American bears. There are actually two types of the Japanese wolf: the Honshu wolf and the Hokkaido wolf. In one photo, you can see a paw print that people claim comes from that 1979 study but the photo qualitys a little too good for the 70s it may have been cleaned up but Im not sure. Although technically protected, the bears were still being trapped . Officials who shot the . Of course they hunt from time to time also cattle. The last official sighting of the animal occurred in 1976. Yet Mexican grizzlies continue to be spotted. "The strength is immense. The Japanese wolf met its demise in the same way that many other animals didat the hands of an American, for being a pest to livestock. What do grizzly bears look like? Generally, the term brown bear refers to Ursus arctos, the grizzly bear. Extinct animals keep being seen. Sightings continued throughout the first decade of the 2000s. Aug 28, 2012 Rating. They used to live in northeastern North America but not no more. The last Atlas bear is thought to have been killed by hunters in 1890. . It claims the man, an employee with the US Forest Service in Alaska, was deer hunting . Although technically protected, the bears were still being trapped, shot, and poisoned well into the 1950s. Adult males average approximately 140 pounds but in rare cases may weigh 180 pounds and measure 7 to 8 feet long from nose to tip of tail. The Aztec Empire did not include the Opatera, or the homeland of the Opatas, so Emperor Montezumas zoo acquisition most likely occurred through long-distance trade, much as he acquired a buffalo, or North American bison. Tasmanian Tigers were hunted for being a threat to livestock, loss of habitat didnt help much, settlers will do that to animals. They evolved in the forests where flight behavior (scrambling up a tree) rather than confrontation proved to be a more successful strategy in dealing with humans. The Mexican grizzly bear is one of the largest mammals in Mexico. The situation deteriorated rapidly in the early twentieth century and the subspecies was rare by the 1930s. In 1964, it was extinct by human beings indiscriminately. "To give some idea of the degree the Brown Bear has . The Mexican Silver Grizzly was a subspecies of the Grizzly Bear. recover. Cougars are the largest members of the cat family in Washington. mexican silver grizzly bear last killed 'We are still working hard to bring you fresh content and good vibes, even in these trying times!' Logan Bay , Lumpen Today two of these subspecies are extinct. McLellan, B.N., Proctor, M.F., Huber, D. & Michel, S. 2017. Enter Jack Tooker. The Mexican grizzly was smaller than the grizzlies in the United States and Canada. 3. Most of the U.S. brown bears live in Alaska with a small population of about 1,500 in the lower 48 states of Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, and Washington. 2. However, it turns out that the extinct classification isnt always straightforward. One theory is that they died off due to tuberculosis. "The mexican silver grizzly is the smallest grizzly species. John James Audubon once watched a flock fly overhead for three days300 million pigeons per hour. That grizzly weighed 2,100 pounds. Mexican Grizzly Bear. Specimens in worn pelage varied to yellowish-brown and reddish. The painting of "Bear Hunting" These days, the activist Giriprasetyo is at the forefront of fighting to find living javan Tigers and he remains adamant that they are out there. Over time, though, the annual hunts evolved into popular social events, attracting around 75 people. Jake wrote a trivia e-book filled with crazy stuff like the kind you just read in this list. Read more: 2 bear cubs orphaned after . They officially died off in 1936, however, reported sightings are fairly common as far as extinct animals go. He was in his mid-40 . A woman died in a rare black bear attack in southwest Colorado. Or when he takes out his glass eye. Optimistic - yes; but entirely possible. The grizzly was taken at Sierra del Nido, Chihuahua, Mexico on October 24, 1955 by hunter Sr. Isasias T. Garcia. Though they were declared extinct, four confirmed Mexican bears were sho. 1931 The last recorded grizzly in New Mexico was killed in 1931 north of Silver City. The Tasmanian tiger is the most beloved star of plat former video games ever created. By 1960 only 30 of them were left. The most recent confirmed reports of grizzly bears in Mexico come from the Sierra del Nido Mountains (central Chihuahua), where 3 grizzly bears were killed in 1955 and 1 in 1957 (Leopold 1965). Loss of habitat didnt help muchsettlers will do that to animals. It could stand 6 feet tall and could weigh up to 700 pounds, which made it a little smaller than its North American cousins in the US and Canada. 4. [11] A grizzly was shot in 1976 in Sonora, the fourth confirmed in Sonora, and the first in many decades. The conclusion was drawn that this grizzly bear was old and on its last leg, making it desperate enough to attack the hunter yet also weak enough to be so easily killed. Reasons for extinction: With the expansion of cattle farming within the Mexican brown bears range the animals increasingly came to be considered by cattle farmers as pests and were trapped, shot and poisoned. They estimated the bears weight at 800 pounds. Because of their remarkable ability to use cover, grizzly bears could survive without being detected. Of all the extinct animals, the Javan tiger is probably the most likely to still be around. By the early 20th Century, the California Grizzly had been hunted to extinction. The Mexican grizzly bear ranged from Mexico to as far north as Colorado. The massive imperial palace complex drew much attention. The fatal encounter occurred before dawn at a . There are actually two types of the Japanese wolf, the Honshu wolf and the Hokkaido wolf. One rancher had a .351 Winchester semi auto and the other had a Winchester 94 30-30. Even their taxonomic name, Ursus arctos horribilis, translates to horrible bear. Ursus arctos nelsoni - Mexican grizzly bear (extinct) . Even to seasoned bear hunters, the animal was massive, with three-inch claws (a typical black bears claws are about an inch long). As late as 1948, frozen mammoths were discovered with meat still fresh. Take care. 3. Grizzlies were trapped, shot and poisoned, and had already become scarce by the 1930s. The project spent 51 days on the eastern slopes of the Sierra del Nido. The general color is pale buffy yellowish or grayish-white, grizzled from the darker color of the underfur. PayPal donations gladly accepted with appreciation at bitto@juno.comTo donate to the show through Patreon, visit our page here: http://patreon.com/MexicoUnexplained Support the show through shopping via our Amazon affiliate link: https://amzn.to/2XriMT5 You can also support the host of Mexico Unexplained, Robert Bitto, by buying really cool things directly from his business, Sueos Latin American Imports. She grabbed her camera, she snapped a snap. Most of these sightings are unofficial. However, getting a sighting recognized as official isnt a simple thing; actual capture of the animal is usually required. When did the Mexican grizzly bear go extinct? . Its former range decreased to 3 isolated mountains. He heard a shot followed by a deafening roar. California grizzly bears became extinct by the 1920s and only the one on our state flag remains. The Javan tiger was found on the Indonesian island of Java, fittingly enough. One of the snares was disturbed by what appeared to be a small bear, and that animal left behind tracks. This level of cooperation and unity is a miracle in and of itself, as most of the rules set up to keep things amicable date from the turn of the century. Amazingly, the Bloys Camp meeting continues today. Not exactly a confirmation, but its pretty hard to mistake an elephant for a moose, so maybe theres something to it? These possible sightings have no video evidence but are discussed in the book The Lost wolves of Japan by Brett L walker. Currently, our black bear population is estimated at 5,000-6,000. But they did not move further southwards until 13.000 years ago, probably because of the competition with the much larger Short-faced bear (Arctodus simus) which lived there and became extinct around 11.000 years ago. [ Editor's note: If this sounds excessive, remember that the California grizzly, now altogether extinct, was . "The Mexican grizzly bear just doesn't check too many boxes," he said. Range: Exact range in Mexico is poorly defined but recorded in the states of Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Len, Zacatecas and Durango. The Mexican grizzly bear ranged from Mexico to as far north as Colorado. In 1907, while in Albemarle County, the first environmental Presidentwho certainly knew his animal speciesclaimed he saw a small flock. About a year after the epic hunt, a young biologist showed up at Finleys door. I wonder if the hand held arrow made a nice broadside double lung shot.lol. For documentation of those times, I highly recommend this book: Ben Lilly was definately a legend, although not much to look at: This really sounds like a good read. He worked for the U.S. Department of Agricultures Division of Biological Survey, a forerunner of the Biological Survey Unit of the Department of the Interior. Who killed the last grizzly bear in New Mexico? Hi Steffany and thanks for commenting. A second beast was around. The largest bear on record in modern times was a 2,200-pound (998-kilogram) polar bear shot in Alaska in the 19th century. The last confirmed sightings in Mexico were in the Sierra del Nido Mountains (central Chihuahua) in the late 1950's. There were reports of grizzly bear poisonings in the same area as late as the winter of 1964. A grizzly bear attacked and killed a bicyclist who was camping in western Montana early Tuesday, triggering a search for the animal, authorities said. They were mainly found in northern Mexico and preferred the savannah and mountainous regions. Finley complied. Because of this cordial reception many first-hand European accounts exist of a living and breathing Aztec Empire. The Eurasian brown bear (Ursus arctos) migrated via the Behring Street to Alaska and later further southwards. By contrast, black bears are more reclusive animals. However, sightings continued from 2000 to 2010. In 1996, a woman by the name of Rina kumbayashi happened upon a creature unlike any she had seen before. Jamie founded Listverse due to an insatiable desire to share fascinating, obscure, and bizarre facts. By now, Finley had cleaned the grizzlys head by boiling it and scraping off the soft tissue and hair. 1964 By 1964, the Mexican Grizzly was pre-sumed extinct. last week. This location is a few hundred miles west of the Sierra del Nido in Chihuahua where much of the attention on rediscovering the bear had been focused. Later researchers have suggested that the bear may have been a Sonoran grizzly that wandered north from Mexico. This was during an annual bear hunt in the Davis Mountains in 1899. Though neither had ever seen a grizzly, Means recognized the silver tips on the fur and let out a yell: Otie, we have got a grizzly!. Eight men eventually arrived to help, but even a group effort couldnt transport the entire bear. By 1960 only 30 of Mexican grizzlies were left and despite its protected status the hunting continued and already by 1964 it was regarded as extinct. By the time the 1970s rolled around, they were flat-out rare. The ivory-billed woodpecker is a bit specialit never officially went extinct. Finley, appeared in the August 1948 issue of Texas Game and Fish. It brings home a wild West Texas reality. The 39-year-old woman was killed while walking her dogs. Here's a link to his eBay store: https://www.ebay.com/str/suenosimports Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/MxUnexplained/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/MxUnexplained There are about 55,000 wild grizzly bears located throughout North America, 30,000 of which are found in Alaska. The rancher with the .351 tried to roll a cigarette after but couldn't keep the tobacco on the paper. The last known California Grizzly Bear was shot to death by a road crew in 1922 in Tulare County. The Javan Tiger was a tiger population that lived in the Indonesian island of Java until the mid 70s. The general color was pale buffy yellow[7] varying to grayish-white, grizzled from the darker color of the underfur. Rumors of the bears continued existence persisted, however, and in 1968 American biologist Dr. Carl Buckingham Koford went on a 49-day expedition into the Sierra del Nido looking for the elusive creatures. It was the largest land mammal in Mexico, and ranged through what is now Arizona, New Mexico, southern California and southern Texas. Was the last Mexican grizzly bear shot in Sonora in 1976?Purchase the books, Mexico Unexplained and Mexican Monsters, in hard-copy form or Kindle on Amazon h. Photographic print; 5 1/2 x 7 in. The skittish dogs had been urged back toward the bear and had it held up in a deep canyon, thick with brush. Everyone who saw this photo was quick to point out how much the creature resembled the long-lost Tasmanian tiger. Hunters, loss of habitat, and infectious diseases contributed to their eventual extinction. Finley and John Means, good friends who always hunted together, separated from the main group and went up the side of the mountain, then turned and rode parallel to the rest of the group below, a mile or two away, in C.O.s estimation. Hello, I really dont know what to do. Despite the research done by the Border Grizzly Project, just two years after their findings were published, the IUCN The International Union for Conservation of Nature released a paper declaring that the Mexican grizzly bear is extinct. The Californian grizzly became extinct in 1924 and the most southern population, the Mexican grizzly, 1964. Well not that I know from using them but I have seen at the stores a larger size of papers now days.I have not seen any called beach towel size!!!!! #409 There are definitely grizzlies in those parts. Charles Jonkel of the University of Montanas School of Forestry, and his Mexican counterpart Jos Trevino, the Director of Forest Fauna for the State of Chihuahua, published a paper in 1980 summarizing their findings from the May 1979 expedition to find the bears. In the section devoted to beasts of prey, the Spanish were amazed to view what they called an oso plateado, or in English, silvery bear, better known by its scientific name Ursus arctos horribilis or more commonly, the Mexican Grizzly Bear. The two wrote this as part of the papers concluding remarks:if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'mexicounexplained_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_5',160,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-mexicounexplained_com-medrectangle-4-0'); We concur that grizzly bears may still exist in Mexico. Is one just a newer paperback copy of the same old book? No one followed up on the rumor of the 1976 shooting at the time, so researchers were still focused on the Sierra del Nido area just 50 or so miles north of the City of Chihuahua, the dense wilderness where the last handful of bears was spotted in the 1950s. Old Moccasin John, Last Silver-Tailed Grizzly Bear of Orange County, 1908. The last known California Grizzly roaming Southern California was shot and killed on October 26, 1916, by farmer Cornelius B. Johnson in the Sunland area of Los Angeles County. It was one of three tiger populations in the Sunda Islands. It was said he didn't sleep under a roof for something like ten years preferring to sleep outside on the ground with his dogs. The last known specimen of a California grizzly was shot and killed in Fresno County in 1922. The horses could go no farther due to the increasingly rough terrain, so the hunters dismounted. The grizzly bears' historical range runs from Alaska through Texas and into Northern Mexico, but there is only one recorded instance of a grizzly actually being killed in Texas. Extinct mexican silver grizzly ursus arctos nelsoni esa. The last recorded grizzly in New Mexico was killed in 1931 north of Silver City. It was hunted to extinction and its natural habitat converted for human use. April 30: Black Bear Kills Colorado Woman in Surprising Attack. We told you previously about scientific efforts to bring extinct animals back to life. Historians believe the last grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis) in New Mexico was killed in the Gila in April 1931 by a rancher with a Winchester 94 30-30, but there are some accounts of grizzly sightings in the state up through the 1950s. By 1964 the Mexican grizzly bear was regarded as extinct. According to Idaho Fish and Game the bear was shot . The biologist made note of the specimen and mentioned it to his comrades back in Washington. The gathering in the fall of 1900 started out as usual at the area known as the Rock Pile, near Sawtooth Mountain. How a 1900 West Texas bear hunt made scientific history. The Official Predator Masters Search Engine, http://www.tpwmagazine.com/archive/2003/jan/legend/. We base our conclusions on the following key points: Its entirely possible that these smaller flocks survived. Cougars in general are considered to be one of the more dangerous of the big cats. It would make sense the Meru Betiri National Park is the site of the last confirmed sighting, it would be the most probable place they could survive and in that area several people including Giri himself have snapped four photos of tigers that they think are Javan Tigers. One story told that a mexican grizzly killed a horse and dragged it 90 metres and once a . And the 1930s. When was the last grizzly bear killed in New Mexico? US authorities are searching for a grizzly bear that killed a woman in Montana after dragging her from her tent in the middle of the night. For all we know, there may have been only one, and it was killed by a hunting party in 1900. They were officially declared extinct in 1964. A team of scholars, led by scientist Wang Ding, confirmed the sighting. . [8], Like all brown bears, Mexican grizzlies were omnivores. The post, shared way back in 2014 by Joseph E. Botts, has a picture of a man posing next to a giant dead bear. It is admired in California for its beauty, size, and strength. Historically . The mexican grizzly bear (ursus arctos) is an extinct population of the brown bear(oso pardo). They are not still real, all dead. Size Differences. A man named Edwin Dun, hired by the Japanese, dropped a little strychnine and greatly facilitated their downfall. Another year went by, and the Washington researchers once again asked for the skull for continued study. However, the ivory-billed woodpecker is a bit of a third rail in the bird world. There is no way to know for sure they may be any other kind of tiger. When did the grizzly bear become extinct? Occasionally it feeds on small mammals and carrion too. All of Corts contingent was amazed at the city. Its former range decreased to the three isolated mountains, Cerro Campana, Cerro Santa Clara, and Sierra del Nido 80km (50mi) north of Chihuahua City, within the State of Chihuahua. I came across this cool article that told about the last written account of a grizzly bear taken in New Mexico. A Franco-Canadian man died after being attacked by a grizzly bear in a remote area of Canada last week, police announced on Monday. Like all Brown bears the Mexican grizzly is omnivorous. They are terrifying things when they want to be and that includes the Japanese wolf. The holotype was shot by H. A. Cluff at Colonia Garcia, Chihuahua in 1899. Yet Mexican grizzlies continue to be spotted. Davis Mountains residents had that experience in 2018 and 2019, when, for several months, black bear sightings became a regular occurrence. The Mexican grizzly was an omnivore, so it ate both plants and animals. The guy lived with and hunted the lions, wolves, and bears of the southwest at the turn of the century. Its former range decreased to the three isolated mountains Cerro Campana, Cerro Santa Clara, and Sierra del Nido 80 km north of Chihuahua in the state of Chihuahua. Yet, in 1920, a Frenchman told a fantastic story of seeing what certainly sounds like a mammoth in Siberia: It was a huge elephant with big white tusks that were very curved. The last known specimen of a California grizzly was shot and killed in Fresno County in 1922. . A 10-year . There are also footprints, scat and fur, all the things theyd expect from a non extinct animal.