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DNA provides instructions for general physical characteristics (e.g., height) and the process that occurs within an organism (e.g. In January 2012, there was a short question (4 marks) that just said; Describe one experiment which investigated Institutional Aggression. Saul Mcleod, Ph.D., is a qualified psychology teacher with over 18 years experience of working in further and higher education. Children learn aggressive behaviors through observing aggressive models. Bruce Johnson is an A-level psychology teacher, and head of the sixth form at Caterham High School. However, the concordance rates are relatively low, suggesting that genes are not enough when it comes to offending. In:D. Glass (Ed.) VAT reg no 816865400. . West Article Metrics Save PDF Share Cite Rights & Permissions Abstract What are the three ways in which genetics influence the environment? This is important as many adoptees remain in contact with their biological families or are selectively placed in adoptive families that are similar to their biological ones. The results could be due to social learning since the twin sets and families concerned are all occupying the same environment. Animal studies show instinctive patterns of behavior, including aggressive behavior. Sign up to highlight and take notes. Harris (1974) Found that people at the front of a cue were less aggressive if someone pushed in, whereas people at the back of a long cue felt a greater sense of frustration and, therefore, made a bigger fuss. Christiansen (1977) examined over 3,500 twin pairs in Denmark and identified concordance rates of criminal behaviour. Low levels of Cortisol in delinquent teenagers with conduct disorder (Fairchild, 2008). (1985) compared the serotonin levels of violent criminals with non-violent controls, finding the lowest levels of serotonin among violent criminals. Simply Scholar Ltd. 20-22 Wenlock Road, London N1 7GU, 2023 Simply Scholar, Ltd. All rights reserved, 2023 Simply Psychology - Study Guides for Psychology Students. Pinker (1997) states aggression evolved in men to compete for women. Five psychological theories could be mentioned to support the view that repeated exposure to video game violence may lead to real-life aggression: Everything you have ever learned about Operant Conditioning can be beautifully applied to this argument. 1977 length. Using old Danish police records Christiansen (1977) demonstrated that levels of criminality showed a stronger correlation between identical twins - with the same genes - than between dizygotic twins. One genetic abnormality affecting serotonin metabolism is the MAOA gene. Can we generalize from studies on animals to humans as their anatomy & physiology is different from humans? Comparative much of the work on hormones and neurotransmitters have been done on animals and may not apply to humans so easily. That being said, those who had previously agreed with the concept of atavistic form, later retracted that assertion, but did go on to say that while it may not account for the whole criminal population, it could explain as much as a third of it (Lombroso-Ferrero, 1911). The central idea of this theory is that humans have a natural tendency to be aggressive if they think they can get away with it. Presentation: How close, live, and immediate the violence was, Warmth: If the model was more friendly toward the subject. This argues against de-individuation and the faceless crowd. An interviewwas conducted with 77% of the twins. They have less sympathy for victims of violence. Christiansen (1977) examined over 3,500 twin pairs in Denmark and identified concordance rates of criminal behaviour as follows: The findings are interesting as they indicate a degree of inheritance; however, there are some key points to consider. Festinger (1952) invented the term Deindividuation, defined by Fraser and Burchell (2001) as A process whereby normal constraints on behavior are weakened as persons lose their sense of individuality.. This paper performs a critical review of twin and adoption studies looking at possible genetic factors in criminal and antisocial behavior. The twin study is a theory which made great impact and development in criminology and was studied by Karl Christiansen in 1977. Later research by Alice Theilgard [1984] did show that 16 men out of 30,000 sampled had the XYY gene and that these were slightly more aggressive and slightly less intelligent, but this is such a rare mutation that it does not explain aggression in the general population. This would support the FAP theory. 298 + index. The genetic explanation of offending behaviour has empirical support. The General Aggression Model [Anderson and Dill]. To keep up-to-date with the tutor2u Psychology team, follow us on Twitter@tutor2uPsych, Facebook (AQA) / OCR / Student or subscribe to the Psychology Daily Digest and get new content delivered to your inbox! I am primed to respond differently to the cricket ball. Subscribe now and start your journey towards a happier, healthier you. It was later found that the gene is present in 58% of African American men and 36% of European men, so it is actually a mainstream genetic variation with adaptive advantages associated with risk-taking. Steve Berkowitz [1984] did an experiment involving an argument in an office. Best study tips and tricks for your exams. Percentage of adoptees with prior convictions in relation to their biological or adoptive parents' criminal records. Giving testosterone to newborn female mice made them act like males with increased aggression when given testosterone as adults. This creates disinhibition, and individuals unconsciously feel that if they commit aggression, they will not be punished. Christiansen, K.O. Passive way: Biological parents often create the child's early environment. Ballistic: Once it starts, it cannot simply be stopped. One way around this is to use adoption studies, which enable psychologists to rule out the effects of the environment, since the adoptees are being raised in a different environment from the biological parent concerned. Some even used the prisoners as slave labor on prison farms. Are you ready to take control of your mental health and relationship well-being? The participants had a rare genetic condition, which only affects males and manifests as an inability to control aggressive behaviours. At the time of the Zimbardo experiment, there were many prisons in the united states where conditions were extremely poor, violent, and overcrowded. In recent years computer games have replaced film as the target of claims that children are taking on immoral attitudes and copying violence. Prospective Studies of Crime and Delinquency pp 3956Cite as, Part of the Longitudinal Research in the Behavioral, Social and Medical Sciences book series (LRBS,volume 2). Therefore there must be some additional factor, such as a biological dimension, to explain why some people turn to violence or aggression when faced with problems and others dont. Aim: To see identical twins would both become criminal Lea [1984] analyzed FAPs and identified five features: Tinbergen presented male sticklebacks with a series of wooden models of different shapes. Google Scholar Christies, N., J. Andenaes, and S. Skerbaekk. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in Individuals model aggressive acts in the game. This model brings together elements of Social learning and Cognitive Priming Theory and suggests that if we live in a violent environment such as a war zone, we will adapt to it; our thoughts, feelings, and actions will be based around violence, and that is how we will survive. Genetic and environmental factors are impossible to isolate McDermott et al. Lidberg et al. The selection component analysis, which as an essential device makes use of genotypic mother . Such a statement would seem bizarre today. Weakness Publication bias There is a tendency for only statistically significant findings to be published, which is a particular problem for meta-analyses because they generally only include published studies This creates a false impression that the effects of violent media on aggression are greater than they actually are. 1:86. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. Berkowitz (1989 ) updated version is known as Negative affect theory. Frustration is just one factor. Twin Studies . By: Christiansen, 1977 Aim: determine the extent to which genetics may play a role in criminal activity. The conclusion here is that individuals can inherit genetic conditions which make them prone to offending behaviour. Secondly the difference between male and female twin pairs raises an interesting question about the role of gender in criminal behaviour (see critical thinking section below). Rather, they affect the production of hormones and neurotransmitters, which in turn affects aggression. New York:Gardner Press. found that participants given a serotonin-enhancing drug gave fewer and less intense electric shocks to a confederate than people in a placebo group This gives evidence of a link between serotonin function and aggression that goes beyond correlational findings. People become less likely to notice violence in real life. Also, if the problem is unexpected, the individual is less likely to control their aggression. Canadian Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy, 14(3).Retrieved from https . Universal: all the animals in that species use the same type of threat. 1:86. Research shows a relationship between low levels of serotonin and violent behaviors, suggesting that a lack of serotonin is linked to aggression (Linnoila & Virkunen, 1992). Aggression is a result of frustration. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. The general environment becomes dangerous and aggressive. The fearlessness Theory: Stress, caused by the hormone cortisol, may inhibit aggression through fear. Irwin and Cressey argue that the prisoners import their aggressive tendencies into prison with them, and this is why the rate of violence is high. He found that the chance of one twin engaging in criminal behavior when the other twin was criminal was 50% among the MZ twin pairs but only 20% among the DZ twin pairs. Being disguised or part of a crowd will therefore lead to increased aggression. Twin studies Twin studies, in which the similarity of mono- and dizygotic twins in respect to particular traits is . He found that the chance of one twin engaging in criminal behavior when the other twin was criminal was 50% among the MZ twin pairs but only . However, this may not simply mean it looked better. Bandura states children learn by imitation and are more likely to copy depending on the following: Bobo Doll experiments: Children copied adults. Longitudinal Research in the Behavioral, Social and Medical Sciences, vol 2. THE PAIRWISE RATE OF CONCORDANCE, WHICH HAS BEEN USED IN ALL THE PREVIOUS CHRIMINOLOGICAL TWIN TWIN STUDIES, IS FOR MONOZYGOTIC (MZ) MALES, 35 PERCENT; FOR DIZYGOTIC (DZ) MALES, 13 PERCENT; FOR MZ FEMALES, 21 PERCENT; AND FOR DZ FEMALES, 8 PERCENT. When the amygdala is stimulated electrically, animals show aggressive behavior, and when its removed, they no longer show aggressive behavior. (2014) genetic analysis of nearly 900 offenders revealed abnormalities in two genes associated with a violent crime: Genes can also influence behaviour indirectly through one's environment. Family studies have shown a degree of heritability of offending behaviour. But people were less angry if the bus had a sign saying out of service [Pastore 1952]. (1976) Studied 1300 American children trick or treating on Halloween. Certain cues may increase the tendency towards aggression, such as seeing a weapon on the table Berkowitz used a baseball bat in experiments. Ethology is where we learn about human psychology from studying other animals. A very good example would be the hippy culture of the 1960s. But this only applies to places with harsh conditions: E.g., in prisons, the army, refugee camps, etc. How much you really want to achieve the goal, Whether you understand that there is a good reason for the problem, How expected / unexpected the frustration was. Bohman, M. 1978. 1971. It was concluded that the genetic abnormality in the males was linked to their inability to control their aggression. Females receiving testosterone became more aggressive. New York:Gardner Press. So individuals with lower levels of cortisol are less inhibited, more inclined to take risks, and act impulsively (Raine, 2002). Strength RWA We can show more non-aggressive models and promote more prosocial behavior that is rewarded in the media. Here the institutional aggression was on the part of the guards rather than the prisoners. The MAOA gene codes for the production of the enzyme MAOA, involved in breaking down neurotransmitters in the synapse, especially serotonin. Genetic factors do not work in isolation but interact with environmental factors as well. Firstly, the concordance rates are low, even for monozygotic twins, which indicates that the environment still plays a large part in criminal behaviour. Appropriateness: If the behavior was appropriate. Brunner et al.s (1993) research has been criticised for using a case study method. The PET-1 Gene is linked to the production of the hormone serotonin, which inhibits (i.e., stops) aggression. [Linz 1989]. Found that video game violence exposure is related to increases in aggressive affect, cognition, and behavior Zimbardos experiment strongly supports the situational approach. The aim of the study was to investigate the heritability of criminal behaviour. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. SOCIAL BACKGROUND FACTORS THAT WERE CONSIDERED INCLUDED BIRTH YEAR, BIRTH PLACE, FATHER'S SOCIAL CLASS, AND SERIOUSNESS OF CRIME. (1984) showed that adoptees (sons) are more likely to offend if their biological father has a criminal record. (1984)study? Gillingham, D. E. (2012). Consider Christiansen (1977): in monozygotic twins, there was a concordance rate for males of 35% for criminal behaviour and 21% for females for criminal behaviour. Prestige, Class and Mobility. Copenhagen:Gyldendal. They suggest that groups or sub-cultures come together because they have some sort of similarity (convergence) and then establish their own norms (emergent norms). (1984) investigated the heritability of offending behaviour using an adoption study design. 3. For example, if we have often seen clowns throwing custard pies at one another, then when we encounter a custard pie in real life, we may think about throwing it at someone. Deterministic Argues that our aggression is pre-programmed and ignores the human characteristic of free will Can have serious implications on the justice system as people may not take responsibility for their actions and blame it on their biology. Over 10 million students from across the world are already learning smarter. Christiansen (1977): Twin Study. Gen. Psychiatry. At the time of the Zimbardo experiment, there were many prisons in the united states where conditions were extremely poor, violent, and overcrowded. Adverse childhood experiences were found to affect violence only in individuals with a shorter version of this gene (Reif et al., 2007). Fig. Eibesfeldt (1972) tried to identify human FAPS, such as smiling, to show non-aggression. General criticisms and/or strengths of theories and studies.E.g., Banduras Bobo Doll studies are laboratory experiments and therefore criticizable on the grounds of lacking ecological validity.. Arms et al. Scandanavian Studies in Criminology. Christiansen et al (1977) 5 terms emma_reed1709 WJEC Criminology, Unit 2, Twin Studies - Biol 6 terms emily_plested Psychological Explanations: Eysenck's Theory 10 terms Images charlotte_scollon Sets found in the same folder Types of Aggression 2 terms jack_squires3 1. What twin study investigated the heritability of offending behaviour? Concordance rates refer to the probability of both twins sharing the same trait. Humans are certainly capable of developing new ways of expressing aggression such as cyber bullying! E.g., Lack of self-control Delisi (2011); Impulsive, anti-social Wang & Diamond (2003). Milgram believed that people are loyal to the hierarchy of the organization, but sometimes the hierarchy encourages cruel behavior. Priks (2010) has tried to explain football violence this way. Fischer (2001) Segregating gang members inside prison so that they did not come into conflicts with other gangs led to a 50% reduction in assaults. Cognitive priming is based on the idea that memory works through association. This led to a massive improvement in behavior in the 1990s. We assume that our parents will feed us and our friends will be pleased to see us because that is what normally happens. Much of the evidence is only correlational and may not prove causation. Social Cognitive Observational Learning Theory [an updated version of Bandura]. Be perfectly prepared on time with an individual plan. Heredity / Environment: Biological theories tend to overlook the effects of socialization and other environmental issues, such as environmental stressors. To get resources: Lorenz also suggested that much aggression was aimed at members of the same species when competing for territory or sexual partners, but some animals are so fierce they could easily damage each other when fighting for dominance, Eg. Damage to the gene in so-called knockout mice raises aggression. Case studies are uniquely specific to the small number of individuals involved and therefore lack representativeness. Throughout most of evolution, there was no money, and no real property, so women were the only target of aggression. Neural explanations describe behaviour in terms of abnormalities within the brain and the nervous system. Reductionist: Sees only biological factors, overlooking social issues such as de-individuation. This may have been the MAIN reason for aggression, as there was no other property worth fighting over as we evolved. New York:Gardner Press. Christiansen (Eds.) Breland and Breland found that animals tend to revert to instinctive behavior regardless of training. Women are less likely to be victims of domestic violence if they have several brothers in town, so aggression can be controlled. Most evidence linking low levels of serotonin and aggression is only correlational and does not indicate causality. Aggressive behavior should always be shown to be punished Research can be used to reduce the effect of computer games on aggression. Getting a tough reputation is very important in order to get respect and not be a victim. neurotransmitter activity), which can affect psychological traits. Creatures have evolved an instinctive response to certain signs. Biosocial Bases of Criminal Behavior. Deny own resources to children of rivals, To prevent other males from sharing the prime females. There are several ways through which genes can impact our nurture: these include the passive, the reactive and the active way. David Buss has identified 7 adaptations of aggression in humans: Reputation to ward off future aggression, To achieve status more allies, fewer enemies. That was only one experiment not the whole theory. Plomin and Asbury (2005) conducted a review that highlighted that, just as environmental research needs to consider the influence of genetics, genetics research needs to consider the role of the environment. Harer and Steffensmeir (1996) found that age, race, and criminal background were the only variables that affected levels of aggression. Svalastoga, K. 1959. For example, do you understand the difference between Genetic explanations and Neural and hormonal explanations, and do you have a model essay for each? E.g. During an action movie, we feel excited and stimulated. By registering you get free access to our website and app (available on desktop AND mobile) which will help you to super-charge your learning process. McCorkle (1995) In a study of 317 United States prisons, poor facilities, and overcrowding were found to influence levels of violence. Media violence leads to aggressive behavior by removing the anxiety about violence. Van Goozen (1997) conducted a natural experiment on trans-gender sex-change patients. Genes consist of DNA strands. This may have been the MAIN reason for aggression, as there was no other property worth fighting over as we evolved. Contagion Theory : Starting point for deindividuation, Gergen 1973: Deindividuated persons in dark areas became more affectionate. - 173.249.12.251. The red on the competing males underbelly is the stimulus that triggers the IRM that, in turn, leads to the aggressive FAP. Genes can influence behaviour indirectly, through one's environment. The condition results in lower intelligence levels (the family studied had an average IQ of 85) and causes a deficiency in monoamine oxidase A (MAOA), an enzyme responsible for the metabolism of neurotransmitters such as serotonin (which has links to aggression). The desensitization argument suggests that if children watch too much violence on TV, they will be less scared and, therefore, more open to aggressive activity. This suggests testosterone doesnt simply cause aggression, but it makes aggression more likely as a response to frustration. Desensitisation can be monitored by physical indicators of stress, such as heartbeat and galvanic skin response. Hurwitz, S. and K.O. Innate: all the animals in that species seem to be born with it and dont have to learn it. It appeared to suggest that emotional areas of the cortex are to some extent switched off during the game, perhaps an adaptive mechanism that permits an animal to focus on survival. Autism is caused by poor parenting, particularly by 'frigid mothers who reject their children. Crowe (1972) compared a group of adopted children whose biological mother had a criminal record, to a control group of adopted children whose biological mother did not have a criminal record. 5:195. Low levels of serotonin result in reduced self-control and increased aggression. Scandanavian Studies in Criminology. Cause and effect Berkowitz argued that frustration is just one of many stimuli that cause negative feelings. Rude words and hand signs can change, so not evolutionary. However, control females given testosterone as adults did not react in this way, suggesting that testosterone masculinizes androgen-sensitive neural circuits underlying aggression in the brain (Edwards,1968). This is aggression within a single group, mainly linked to male rivalry and sexual jealousy. where researchers have access to extensive data on over 3,500 twin pairs. Also, they may have been aware of the experiment from other children in the group. It, therefore, contends that events and media images can stimulate related thoughts in the minds of audience members. Disinhibition explains that watching or playing violent media may change the standards of what is considered acceptable behavior. (1984)adoptees were most likely to offend if both their biological and adoptees parents had a criminal record. 1977. Pp. Therefore they fight until one backs down, not to the death, just to establish who is stronger and who is weaker. To see off predators: For example, a group of hissing geese can drive off a fox, even though the fox would probably win a straight fight. Research support for the role of serotonin Berman et al. Acts of impulsive aggression, such as domestic violence, have a genetic link to the serotonergic system, suggesting that many genes may be involved in aggression (New et al., 2003). One criticism of adoption research is that it doesn't control whether the twins actually shared a similar environment growing up. E.g., Students who play Grand Theft Auto might develop a cognitive script for what to do when traffic lights turn amber. However, the quality of methodologies varies, and it might be difficult to separate the influence of genetics and other influences. If the role of biochemistry can be understood, it can then be treated and managed But it is unethical to give drugs to humans to alleviate aggression as it could lead to social control This could be treated more ethically through diet and exercise which acts on neural mechanisms.