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Nixon founded the Environmental Protection Agency in 1970 as a response to the rising concern over conservation and pollution. The Soviets recognised western rights to West Berlin the West recognised West Berlin was not part of West Germany Following a series of low-level diplomatic contacts in 1970 and the lifting of U.S. trade and travel restrictions the following year, the Chinese indicated that they would welcome high-level discussions, and Nixon sent his national security adviser, Henry Kissinger, to China for secret talks. [220] NASA cancelled the last three planned Apollo lunar missions to place Skylab in orbit more efficiently and free money up for the design and construction of the Space Shuttle. They were joined by a large crowd of people, including Presidents Ford, Reagan, and George H. W. Bush, as well as their wives, Betty, Nancy, and Barbara. Although he thought Goldwater unlikely to win, Nixon campaigned for him loyally. [80], In mid-September, the Republican ticket faced a major crisis when the media reported that Nixon had a political fund, maintained by his backers, which reimbursed him for political expenses. President Lyndon Johnson had left No words can describe the depth of my regret and pain at the anguish my mistakes over Watergate have caused the nation and the presidency, a nation I so deeply love, and an institution I so greatly respect. Although no Republican was opposing Eisenhower, Nixon received a substantial number of write-in votes against the president in the 1956 New Hampshire primary election. Seeking to foster better relations with the United States, China and the Soviet Union both cut back on their diplomatic support for North Vietnam and advised Hanoi to come to terms militarily. [132] Whether the Nixon campaign interfered with negotiations between the Johnson administration and the South Vietnamese by engaging Anna Chennault, a fundraiser for the Republican party, remains a controversy. On taking office in 1969, he stepped up covert operations against Cuba and its president, Fidel Castro. Judge John Sirica excused Nixon's presence despite the defendants' objections. That's just the way I am. - SALT was criticised by Cold Warriors - Detente did not stop crises occurring in other countries eg. Pat Nixon held the family Bibles open at Isaiah 2:4, which reads, "They shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruning hooks." These included paper and microfilm copies that Chambers turned over to House investigators after hiding them overnight in a field; they became known as the "Pumpkin Papers". He was 81 years old. [91] On September 24, 1955, President Eisenhower suffered a heart attack and his condition was initially believed to be life-threatening. [44][45], In October 1942, after moving his home of record to Alexandria, Virginia, he was given his first assignment as aide to the commander of the Naval Air Station Ottumwa in Iowa until May 1943. He also increased funds for education and for rehabilitation facilities. [195] The controls produced food shortages, as meat disappeared from grocery stores and farmers drowned chickens rather than sell them at a loss. [127] He soon instituted phased U.S. troop withdrawals,[158] but also authorized incursions into Laos, in part to interrupt the Ho Chi Minh trail passing through Laos and Cambodia and used to supply North Vietnamese forces. [146] Mao later told his doctor that he had been impressed by Nixon's forthrightness, unlike the leftists and the Soviets. [202] A limited HMO bill was enacted in 1973. He started to implement a Vietnamization policy aimed at a gradual withdrawal of US troops from Vietnam while encouraging greater involvement of South Vietnam in the war. The gap, while not conclusive proof of wrongdoing by the President, cast doubt on Nixon's statement that he had been unaware of the cover-up. Because of the collaboration between these two leaders, Nixon deserves the title, "the first modern vice president". They decided to send Nixon to the larger Fullerton Union High School. Reagan was more reasonable in dealing with other countries. ", "Siena's 6th Presidential Expert Poll 19822018", "David Owen: Lessons in removing politicians from public office", "A doctor writes: Politicians' pride is a medical disorder", "New tapes reveal depth of Nixon's anti-Semitism", "Guide to the Nixon Family Collection (19091967)", "1972: President Nixon arrives in Moscow", "Nixon Plan for Negro Construction Jobs Is Lagging", "The World: New Chapter, Old Debate; Would Kennedy Have Quit Vietnam? "[263] The interviews garnered 4550 million viewersbecoming the most-watched program of its kind in television history. They wed in a small ceremony on June 21, 1940. Nixon had four brothers: Harold (19091933), Donald (19141987), Arthur (19181925), and Edward (19302019). Nonetheless, Nixon acted in Eisenhower's stead during this period, presiding over Cabinet meetings and ensuring that aides and Cabinet officers did not seek power. Nixon ushered in a new era of judicial restraint by appointing four Supreme Court Justices: Chief Justice Burger, Chief Justice Harry Blackmun, Chief Justice Lewis Powell and William Rehnquist, who was later appointed to Chief Justice by Ronald Reagan. - The Soviets mobilised their conventional forces. In March 1970, at the explicit request of the Khmer Rouge and negotiated by Pol Pot's then-second-in-command, Nuon Chea, North Vietnamese troops launched an offensive and overran much of Cambodia. [24] Instead of fraternities and sororities, Whittier had literary societies. His self-containment and conservatism were the reason, why he managed to survive Iran-Contra, when Nixon failed during Watergate. [209] Nixon sought a middle way between the segregationist Wallace and liberal Democrats, whose support of integration was alienating some Southern whites. Nixons foreign policy was not even a little as successful as Reagans. Publicly, Nixon said his strategy was a combination of negotiating and Vietnamization. Nixon considered proposing a comprehensive test-ban treaty, but he felt he would not have time to complete it during his presidency. In 1973, President Nixon ended the draft, moving the United States Military to an all-volunteer force. [101], In July 1959 President Eisenhower sent Nixon to the Soviet Union for the opening of the American National Exhibition in Moscow. The election was a disaster for the Republicans, as Goldwater's landslide loss to Johnson was matched by heavy losses for the party in Congress and among state governors. And our little girlTricia, the 6-year-oldnamed it Checkers. Nixon made a point of shaking Zhou's hand, something which then-Secretary of State John Foster Dulles had refused to do in 1954 when the two met in Geneva. The deal, valued at $20 billion over 20 years, involved the construction of two major Soviet port facilities at Odessa and Ventspils,[176][177][178] and a pipeline connecting four ammonia plants in the greater Volga region to the port at Odessa. [194] Bowles points out, by identifying himself with a policy whose purpose was inflation's defeat, Nixon made it difficult for Democratic opponents to criticize him. Nixon initiated and oversaw the peaceful desegregation of southern schools. - Nixon sold the news of peace to the American public as a victory - North Vietnam decided that Thieu could stay in power but insisted that it had a say in how South Vietnamese governed Nixon said of this, Even with close friends, I don't believe in letting your hair down, confiding this and that and the other thingsaying, "Gee, I couldn't sleep" I believe you should keep your troubles to yourself. He died at 9:08p.m. on April 22, 1994, with his daughters at his bedside. Although the sale of arms to Israel improved U.S. relations with that country, application of the Nixon Doctrine in that case may have inadvertently spurred Israels development of nuclear weapons. [133], In a three-way race between Nixon, Humphrey, and American Independent Party candidate George Wallace, Nixon defeated Humphrey by only 500,000 votes, a margin almost as close as in 1960, with both elections seeing a gap of less than one percentage point of the popular vote. [64] In 1948, Nixon successfully cross-filed as a candidate in his district, winning both major party primaries,[65] and was comfortably reelected. During the Nixon administration, the U.S. greatly increased arms sales to the Middle East, particularly Israel, Iran and Saudi Arabia. [13] Richard was twelve years old when a spot was found on his lung, and with a family history of tuberculosis, he was forbidden to play sports. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Naval Reserve on June 6, 1966. [95], In early 1957, Nixon undertook another foreign trip, this time to Africa. WebNixon did not know how to bring the conflict to a successful resolution. Nixon Doctrine, a foreign policy of the U.S. government, announced by U.S. Pres. - It was an intelligence system designed to get rid of socialist and communist influence [298], Historian and political scientist James MacGregor Burns asked of Nixon, "How can one evaluate such an idiosyncratic president, so brilliant and so morally lacking? He was also the first American President to visit China. However, Nixon desired that the US should not be perceived as having lost the war and peace should be achieved with honor. These contradictory aims led to his escalation of the War in April 1970 when the invasion of Cambodia was authorized, supposedly to pursue the North Vietnamese forces. During the administration of Pres. [90], Despite intense campaigning by Nixon, who reprised his strong attacks on the Democrats, the Republicans lost control of both houses of Congress in the 1954 elections. [315] Nixon biographer Conrad Black described him as being "driven" though also "uneasy with himself in some ways". - One thousand of Allendes supporters were executed, - Operation Condor was a Chilean initiative launched in 1975 by right wing dictatorships in the Southern Cone - Detente did not stop all weapons testing or stop arms race Nixon also took dilantin, recommended by Jack Dreyfus. Nixon's actions were popular at home, propelling him to victory in 1972. To reclaim a respected place in American public life after his resignation, he kept traveling and thinking and talking to the world's leaders and by the time Bill Clinton came to the White House [in 1993], Nixon had virtually cemented his role as an elder statesman. In his second term, Nixon ordered an airlift to resupply Israeli losses in the Yom Kippur War, a conflict which led to the oil crisis at home.