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Stream Jazz" by combining a jazz combo with symphony orchestra. They gave a greater role to bandleaders, arrangers, and sections of instruments rather than soloists. trumpeter Miles DAVIS, and baritone [47] In Kansas City and across the Southwest, an earthier, bluesier style was developed by such bandleaders as Bennie Moten and, later, by Jay McShann and Jesse Stone. - Whiteman was educated in classical music, and he called his new band's music symphonic jazz. techniques (from native African musical tradition in which a leader does a (who are noted for their blending of Afro-Cuban jazz elements within a Yet, as woodwind-style instruments, they also feature a wide range of available notes and pitches. From three to five plyers on each instrument might be used. Swing bands featured sections of trumpets, saxophones, and trombones The invention of ______ helped the record industry to recover in the mid-1930s. [33] During the 1930s, Count Basie's band often used head arrangements, as Basie said, "we just sort of start it off and the others fall in. Many college and university music departments offer jazz programs and feature big band courses in improvisation, composition, arranging, and studio recording, featuring performances by 18 to 20 piece big bands.[46]. A. [3] They incorporated elements of Broadway, Tin Pan Alley, ragtime, and vaudeville. Whiteman started his first band in San Francisco in 1918 and his fame spread into the 1920s. Swing as popular music usually had vocals, such as Glenn Miller's "Chattanooga Choo-Choo," and was intended for dancing. Gioia, Ted. In 1925, bandleader Paul Whiteman Instead of just embellishing the melody, he created a whole new melody based on the songs harmony by arpeggiating the chords and adding further chord alterations and substitutions to make his solo more complex. instruments (one or more: Piano, creating a style known as "Dixieland" Jazz or And they played dance music. Critics and historians refer to these groups as ghost bands because of the absence of their leaders and new personnel. Art-music composer/conductor Leonard [36]:p.31, Before 1910, social dance in America was dominated by steps such as the waltz and polka. The lyrics kept within these traditions. Swing is sandwiched between two huge historical events. %%EOF syllables). A big band typically consists of approximately 12 to 25 musicians and contains saxophones, trumpets, trombones, and a rhythm section. a hint of improvisationthe scores are completely written out Trumpet image courtesy: PJ via Wikimedia Commons, Saxophone image courtesy: via Wikimedia Commons, Keyboard image courtesy: Eurotuber via Wikimedia Commons, Double Bass image courtesy: David Price via Wikimedia Commons, Drum set image courtesy: Pbroks13 via Wikimedia Commons, Gumbo image courtesy: Amadscientist via Wikimedia Commons, For more than 10 years, The Classic Swing Band of Dallas has offered the best in live entertainment. freedom vs. chaos. Beacon, 2006. jazz-fusion (combining elements of jazz and rock musics). In the early 1950s a smoother, more Some large contemporary European jazz ensembles play mostly avant-garde jazz using the instrumentation of the big bands. trombones Swing music appealed most dramatically to this demographic group: teenagers A "shout chorus" is: the final, climactic chorus in an arrangement Which changes occurred in the rhythm section during the 1930s? He toured in many parts of the world and was also commissioned to record classical compositions. emerged as piano was added to the rhythm section, and a stronger driving rhythm the following instruments: The ELLINGTON and William "Count" initiated by a 4-measure lead-in improvised over a "C" chord Hot Swing (people like Duke Ellington) was more daring, experimental, faster, with longer improvisations, stronger rhythmic drive, and a rough blues feeling. a vocalist with piano or a small backup group. : The rhythmic phenomenon of "swing" feeling is Other research interests include African popular music and the use of oral history and photography in the study of culture. Charlie Parkers album South of the Border illustrated the influence of this genre on a bop artist, and the Tokyo Cuban Boys, an Afro-Cuban band dating from the postWorld War II years, exemplified the musics international appeal. White teenagers and young adults were the principal fans of the big bands in the late 1930s and early 1940s. KC Jazz is characterised by: And because KC Jazzsongs were riff based, they were often played from memory by the band (rather than from sheet music). "Swing" feeling: The rhythmic phenomenon of "swing" feeling is Among all the jazz vocalists that followed, most cite her as having the most influence on their scatting style. Columbia, Victor, and Decca were the three most important, Swing bands featured sections of trumpets, saxophones, and. Bluesy feel (often using a 12 Bar Blues structure), Songs that were based and structured around riffs. As jazz was expanded during the 1950s through the 1970s, the Basie and Ellington bands were still around, as were bands led by Buddy Rich, Gene Krupa, Lionel Hampton, Earl Hines, Les Brown, Clark Terry, and Doc Severinsen. A big band is a type of musical ensemble associated with playing jazz music and which became popular during the Swing Era from the early 1930s until the late 1940s. have emerged: "Free jazz" (a "random" loosely-structured Ella Fitzgerald, the featured vocalist of Chick Webbs Orchestra during the late 1930s, is considered to be one of the most outstanding singers of the swing era. Social life changed and large ballrooms were needed for the thousands who wanted to dance every night and large bands seemed to be the answer to filling these dance halls with music. - the tuba was replaced the string bass - the banjo was replaced the guitar - (a&c on test) The first chorus of an arrangement introduces the melody and is followed by choruses of development. Swing was almost entirely commercial and part of the mass entertainment industry. leaders in America. 3 4 5 6 7 8, - A general format emerged from the creation of a swing jazz arrangement. Jazz vocalists during this era were highly influenced by horn players. But there were a few instrumental popular hits, such as Count Basie's "One O'Clock Jump" and Miller's "In the Mood." 3. Jazz is America's Another interesting and important development happened with Swing improvisation. (String Bass or Electric Bass), plucked with the fingers, often providing a projected in the way the drums and bass express the beat, how the piano The stage was set up with five saxophones, two altos, two tenors, and one baritone, stage front left with four trombones directly behind them, and three trumpets at the back, the electric guitar was in center stage with . Which of the following changes occurred in the rhythm section during the 1930s? Only hotel-type bands such as that of Guy Lombardo and select jazz players such as Benny Goodman found consistent employment. Sweet Swing (people like Glenn Miller) had less improvisation, was a bit slower, restrained with a slight swing feel, and was for the white upper class dinner parties. [32] They experiment, often with one player coming up with a simple musical figure leading to development within the same section and then further expansion by other sections, with the entire band then memorizing the way they are going to perform the piece, without writing it on sheet music. 1570 0 obj <>stream clarinetist Benny GOODMAN and The first jazz concert, called A Swing Music Concert took place in 1936 in New York City. This pattern reinforced the second and fourth beat of every measure and later became known as a back beat. Additionally, the drummer accommodated the improvisations of soloists, providing a non-intrusive, laid-back swing pattern. Many arrangements contain an interlude, often similar in content to the introduction, inserted between some or all choruses. Hendersons arrangements used tighter harmonic control, less emphasis on improvisation, and a controlled use of polyphony. Benny GOODMAN (1909-1986): Sing, Sing, Sing! - a vocalist with piano or a small backup group. Beginning in the mid-1920s, big bands, then typically consisting of 10-25 pieces, came to dominate popular music. Most swing was performed by Big Bands, which were literally big bands, divided into trumpets, saxophones, trombones, and a rhythm section consisting mostly of drums, bass, guitar, and piano. The Classic Swing Band from Dallas uses this very instrument in every show!! (say, the brass section, i.e., trumpets and trombones) would play a musical phrase and then be "answered" by another section (say, the . Other methods of embellishing the form include modulations and cadential extensions. Then circle the object of the preposition. There was a considerable range of styles among the hundreds of popular bands. Beside her vocal timbre, her unique style delayed the placement of words and phrases compared with the musical pulse, producing a behind-the-beat effect that became her trademark. ,r,el1)PrPer{mN,cq+W!yJn?@}gU-+GACIuyrPgnpQCZ76il9%0A9b vr, Q&L Sc3oX *{{toV A big band or jazz orchestra is a type of musical ensemble of jazz music that usually consists of ten or more musicians with four sections: saxophones, trumpets, trombones, and a rhythm section.Big bands originated during the early 1910s and dominated jazz in the early 1940s when swing was most popular. of Company B (1941). who specialized in less improvised tunes with more emphasis on sentimentality, featuring somewhat slower-paced, often heart-felt songs.[43]. black jazz musicians developed an. tenor saxophone. [51] Fictionalized biographical films of Glenn Miller, Gene Krupa, and Benny Goodman were made in the 1950s. bWkwf>JW'wJj_]6/?NxP]-0_wg"2;WjbuY5sujr7g/sueG>trp~ZBV7]M(//m!o/f[^fb]x>f]aX?UnAW|ng)]s? The swing era was the one time that jazz was a truly popular style. These bands had identifiable leaders, such as Glenn Miller and the Dorsey brothers, who placed their individual stamps on their musical arrangements. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. of jazz saxophonist Gerry MULLIGAN (of the Gerry Mulligan Quartet jazz techniques into a more heavily-arranged "big-band" white swing out of tune) notes, (4) and even a section with Armstrong's famous "scat As a result of the military draft and transportation hardships in the U.S., the swing era ended quickly. [26], Typical big band arrangements from the swing era were written in strophic form with the same phrase and chord structure repeated several times. [19], It is useful to distinguish between the roles of composer, arranger and leader. A standard big band consists of saxes, trumpets and trombones with a rhythm section. the late 1950s led to the more daring experiments of "free jazz" by During the 1960s and '70s, Sun Ra and his Arketstra took big bands further out. Much like the stock in Gumbo, it provides an essential rhythmic and harmonic element in swing music. An Autobiography: John Hammond on Record with Irvin Townsend. Western swing musicians also formed popular big bands during the same period. 20th-century popular music and culture. Swing was the predominant style of jazz music played from the late 1920s to mid-1940s. style, boogie-woogie was born. The swing style developed in the 1930s and continued to be popular throughout the 1940s and beyond as a distinctive genre. [1][2] The division in early big bands, from the 1920s to 1930s, was typically two or three trumpets, one or two trombones, three or four saxophones, and a rhythm section of four instruments. Casa Loma Stomp marked the first recording of this emerging style in 1930. Above all else, Swing music is dance music which means it was: This also meant it was incredibly commercial. In 1919, Paul Whiteman hired Grof to use similar techniques for his band. Although many of these bands maintain a close tie to the swinging style of the Basie and Herman bands, others exhibit a new and very individualized style. GILLESPIE: Koko (1945). There was a quality to her voice that fascinated me, and Id sing along with her, trying to catch the subtle ways she shaded her voice, the casual yet clean way she sang the words., A lot of singers think all they have to do is exercise their tonsils to get ahead. $27.95. As a result, employment opportunities for jazz musicians increased and Kansas City became a jazz mecca. Jazz Appreciation ICQ (In-Class Quiz) #6 Hearing The Difference: Bebop and Swing - know the three major aural differences between these two eras The Swing Era: The Players and The Features - know names of artists; lists of features-Societal features Jazz's most popular eradominated the mainstream of American popular music Purpose of music primarily for dancing Millions of records sold . Big bands of today are not all from an earlier era. Until the political climate changes in Chile, Allende will write from her current home in In the 1970s, popular fusion groups included BLOOD, SWEAT & TEARS, CHICAGO, and SANTANA here to see a YouTube video on "swing" groove vs. other types of Keyboards are some of the most versatile instruments out there. Typically the most prominent shows with the earliest time slots and largest audiences have bigger bands with horn sections while those in later time slots go with smaller, leaner ensembles. rock . and ingenuity. Packed with Ph.D.s, this scientific swing band performs a play list that leans heavily toward the heavens. The jazz musician relies on three basic elements of the song to develop From the late 1930s through the 1950s, Duke Ellington was one of the premier swing band leaders in America. during the World War II years. of many things they must think about while they are playing. And after years of economic depression, many Americans wanted to have fun. Trumpets A prominent feature of swing music is a leading brass section, which is often provided by a trumpet. By 1937, the "sweet jazz band" saxophonist Shep Fields was also featured over the airways on the NBC radio network in his Rippling Rhythm Revue, which also showcased a young Bob Hope as the announcer. Unlike the vague term 'orchestra', writing for a big band is a little more specific with regards to the instruments and number of players at your disposal. (click highly-improvisatory new style of jazz called "Bebop" was developed In the 1950s, Stan Kenton referred to his band's music as "progressive jazz", "modern", and "new music". Duke Ellingtons swing arrangements featured unusual timbres and capitalized on the unique style of each individual player, as illustrated in Echoes of Harlem (1936) and Take the A Train (1941). Charlie PARKER and Dizzy All the big bands would go up there. orchestral jazz crossover movement that had an enormous impact on getting white photo by Patricia Schneider. Young, who also studied violin, trumpet and drums, displayed an excellent sense of melody in his lyrical soloing. Bandleaders dealt with these obstacles through rigid discipline (Glenn Miller) and canny psychology (Duke Ellington). (of the Dave Brubeck Quartet that also featured alto saxophonist Paul DESMOND), Fueled by the non-stop nightlife under political boss Tom Pendergast, Kansas City jam sessions went on well beyond sunrise, fostering a highly competitive atmosphere and a unique music culture, attracting many bands from the Southwest known as territory bands, such as Bennie Motens orchestra and the Oklahoma City Blue Devils. Count Basie played a relaxed, propulsive swing, Bob Crosby (brother of Bing), more of a dixieland style,[39] Benny Goodman a hard driving swing, and Duke Ellington's compositions were varied and sophisticated. This expansive eclecticism characterized much of jazz after World War II. They had Count Basie, they had Benny Moten, they had George Lee, they had Junior Lee, they had Lester Young, they had Walter Brown., What I heard in that first nine-piece Basie band was the sort of free, swinging jazz that I have always preferred. This the following instruments: In 1925, bandleader Paul Whiteman style known as SWING. Walter Page is often credited with developing the walking bass,[38] though earlier examples exist, such as Wellman Braud on Ellington's Washington Wabble from 1927. As I said before, Swing music is played by Big Bands. Big Bands evolved with the times and continue to this day. Carnegie Hall in New York City presented Benny Goodman jazz concerts for the first time in 1938. baritone saxophone. early style of "Hot Jazz" made its way north to Chicago and east to Goodmans clarinet playing was a combination of great wit, precise musicianship, beautiful subtleties, and never-ending swing. So band leaders used various arrangement techniques to keep the song interesting, such as: Tutti (all horns playing a melodic line in harmony), Soli (one section featured playing a melodic line in harmony), Shout Chorus (climatic tutti section at the end of the arrangement), Riffs (repeated short melodic and/or rhythmic pattern), Call and Response Riffs (often between the horns and the rhythm section), Solos (single person improvising usually behind a relatively simple harmonic background), Swing Music was smooth, easy-listening and simple. Samplephonics Soulful Brass Constructions the jukebox The popular appeal of Benny Goodman's Trio and Quartet had a good deal to do with the extroverted energy of Lionel Hampton and Gene Krupa - He was a pianist, accompanist, and music director for blues singers, dancers, and comedians. Guiding Principals. Fletcher Henderson (18971952) is credited with creating the pattern for swing arrangements. Swing bands featured sections of trumpets, saxophones, and . They provide the base, the foundation on which the rest of the music can thrive. "Hot" Jazz, as improvised over standard blues patterns. Many Kansas City bands featured head arrangements, which were . NY: Penguin Books:1977. in its strictest Check them out, though Im sure you would already recognise many of them. Trumpets feature a hollow brass tube that is doubles back on itself twice. Loops are played at 120 and 125 bpm. Swing was massively popular during the 1930s, so popular, in fact, that it was the pop music of its time. Their styles are uniquely different, yet both helped shape the definition of the pure jazz singer. He was the recipient of a Fulbright Lecturing/Research Fellowship in Japan, where he taught courses in African American History and researched the history of jazz in Japan. The Swing Era: The Development of Jazz, 19301945. here to see a YouTube clip on jazz improvisation, click here to see animated are described below. In the mid-1930s, he was the featured soloist in the Basie Orchestra. (Click He toured and recorded many solos with, most notably, the Count Basie band. In a big band jazz group, at least three trumpets, two trombones, four or more saxophones, and a rhythm section of piano, guitar, bass, and drums are combined with a vocal element. Jazz played an important role in changing the socio-political landscape BERNSTEIN also incorporated Cool Jazz orchestras were necessary for the shows and musicals, and well-trained musicians were highly valued. interacts with the bass and drums, and how the beat is divided up in complex The Music . uses "call and response" Air blown into the tube of the saxophone reverberates as it hits the brass tubing. Swing music was performed by a larger ensemble consisting of saxophones (sometimes also clarinets), trumpets, and trombones. . %PDF-1.5 % endstream endobj 1555 0 obj <>/Metadata 104 0 R/Outlines 108 0 R/PageLayout/OneColumn/Pages 1544 0 R/StructTreeRoot 655 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 1556 0 obj <>/Font<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Type/Page>> endobj 1557 0 obj <>stream 3. Here are the five most common swing band instruments, and how they commonly fit into swing music. Many swing-era compositions were written by professional songwriters employed by song publishing companies. on the chart below to go to that interactive webpage).